Drift buoys with shallow (17 m) drogues, released during May 1977 and tracked by satellite, delineated an eddy in the southeastern Bering Sea. Located above complex topography having a depth range of 200 to 3000 m, the eddy had a diameter of about 150 km. Mean rotational speeds ~50 km from the eddy's center were 20 cm s-1, but speeds up to 50 cm s-1 were measured. A CTD survey during July defined the eddy from 200 to 1500 m depth in temperature and salinity distributions, but no hydrographic evidence for the eddy existed at the surface. A geostrophic calculation relative to 1500 m agreed qualitatively with drifter data, but was ~5 cm s-1 less than mean drifter speeds. Examination of the T-S correlation showed that water masses at the eddy's core were the same as those at its periphery, in contrast with a cyclonic ring observed nearby in July 1974. The last drifter left the eddy in October, and a second CTD survey in February 1978 showed that the eddy had either dissipated or moved. An earlier STD survey of the region in summer 1971 had shown neither an eddy like that seen in 1977 nor a ring like that seen in 1974. In spite of the ubiquitous inclusion of permanent eddies and steady currents in Bering Sea circulation schemes, recent evidence from synoptic data suggests that the hydrographic and velocity fields are highly variable on scales of 50 to 200 km and a few weeks to a few years. While we do not understand the generating mechanism for this eddy, current instability, wind forcing and topographic interaction all remain plausible candidates. Because of the eddy's size and location, we believe that it formed within the southeastern Bering Sea.

Subsurface mooring data from Akutan Pass, Aleutian Islands: Station Akutan Pass 2. Data were collected from 1994 through 2004. Sampled months varied through the years but were usually during May and October. Salinity, temperature, and UV vector data were collected at various depths throughout the years using instruments such as MicroCAT and RCM-9. 91m was the maximum bottom depth.

This report references biomass data of invertebrate communities; population abundance and species composition data of black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani), harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), scoters (Melanitta spp.), invertebrate species: Littorina sitkana, Littorina spp., Mytilus trossulus, and nearshore bird communities, and invertebrate communities; species composition data of algal species: Fucus distichus, Laminaria groenlandica, and Zostera marina and fish species (Anoplarchus purpurescans); population abundance data of sea otters (Enhydra lutris); and shoreline geomorphological type data of sediment from Port Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska. The aforementioned data are referenced in citation: McRoy, C. P. and S. Stoker. 1969. A survey of the littoral regions of Port Valdez. In Baseline data survey for Valdez Pipeline Terminal. Environmental Data Survey (D.W. Hood, ed.), Report R6-17, Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks. pp.190-235. This literature was collected as part of a metadatabase that represents one or more nearshore resources (from physical attributes such as water and air, to birds and mammals). Each entry is viewable in three formats, 1) a geospatial explicit format (ArcView 3.3) named GIS ArcView 3.3 Near GEM project, 2) a spreadsheet format (Excel 2002 and within ArcView) named GEM Nearshore Metadata Set, and 3) a ProCite database named GEM Nearshore Metadata References, which consists of references included in 1 and 2 above. The ProCite database record number corresponds to the Excel Procite Number. Reference Procite #645 for this literature's metadata. The metadata are maintained in digital format (ArcView 3.3, Excel 2002, and Procite) and are available from the Alaska Science Center, USGS in Anchorage, Alaska. For a detailed description of the three databases and the project, see "Bodkin, J. L., and T. Dean. 2003. Alternative Sampling Designs for Nearshore Monitoring (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Project G-030687), US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska." available on-line at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/GEM_final_reports/030687.pdf.

This journal article references geographic distribution and population abundance data of invertebrate species (Macoma balthica) from Dayville Flats, Prince William Sound, Alaska. The aforementioned data are referenced in citation: Myren, R. T. and J. J. Pella. 1977. Natural variability in distribution of an intertidal population of Macoma balthica subject to potential oil pollution at Port Valdez, Alaska. Mar. Biol. 41(4): 371-382. This literature was collected as part of a metadatabase that represents one or more nearshore resources (from physical attributes such as water and air, to birds and mammals). Each entry is viewable in three formats, 1) a geospatial explicit format (ArcView 3.3) named GIS ArcView 3.3 Near GEM project, 2) a spreadsheet format (Excel 2002 and within ArcView) named GEM Nearshore Metadata Set, and 3) a ProCite database named GEM Nearshore Metadata References, which consists of references included in 1 and 2 above. The ProCite database record number corresponds to the Excel Procite Number. Reference Procite #702 for this literature's metadata. The metadata are maintained in digital format (ArcView 3.3, Excel 2002, and Procite) and are available from the Alaska Science Center, USGS in Anchorage, Alaska. For a detailed description of the three databases and the project, see "Bodkin, J. L., and T. Dean. 2003. Alternative Sampling Designs for Nearshore Monitoring (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Project G-030687), US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska." available on-line at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/GEM_final_reports/030687.pdf.

This report references behavior and species composition data of black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani), goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), scoters (Melanitta spp.), and nearshore bird communities from Copper River Delta and Prince William Sound, Alaska. The aforementioned data are referenced in citation: Isleib, M. E. and B. Kessel. 1973. Birds of the north gulf coast-Prince William Sound region, Alaska. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska Number 14. This literature was collected as part of a metadatabase that represents one or more nearshore resources (from physical attributes such as water and air, to birds and mammals). Each entry is viewable in three formats, 1) a geospatial explicit format (ArcView 3.3) named GIS ArcView 3.3 Near GEM project, 2) a spreadsheet format (Excel 2002 and within ArcView) named GEM Nearshore Metadata Set, and 3) a ProCite database named GEM Nearshore Metadata References, which consists of references included in 1 and 2 above. The ProCite database record number corresponds to the Excel Procite Number. Reference Procite #504 for this literature's metadata. The metadata are maintained in digital format (ArcView 3.3, Excel 2002, and Procite) and are available from the Alaska Science Center, USGS in Anchorage, Alaska. For a detailed description of the three databases and the project, see "Bodkin, J. L., and T. Dean. 2003. Alternative Sampling Designs for Nearshore Monitoring (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Project G-030687), US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska." available on-line at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/GEM_final_reports/030687.pdf.

As gray whales and Pacific walruses gather food from the bottom of the northeastern Bering Sea, they produce pits and furrows to a degree that rivals the disturbances caused by geologic processes.[Reference: Nelson, C.H. and K.R. Johnson. 1987. Whales and Walruses as Tillers of the Sea Floor. Scientific American. 256(2)122-117.]

This journal article references diet and species composition data of black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani), goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), scoters (Melanitta spp.), and nearshore bird communities from the Gulf of Alaska. The aforementioned data are referenced in citation: Laing, H.M. 1925. Birds collected and observed during the cruise of the Thiepval in the North Pacific, 1924. Canada Department of Mines, Museum Bulletin 40: 1-46. This literature was collected as part of a metadatabase that represents one or more nearshore resources (from physical attributes such as water and air, to birds and mammals). Each entry is viewable in three formats, 1) a geospatial explicit format (ArcView 3.3) named GIS ArcView 3.3 Near GEM project, 2) a spreadsheet format (Excel 2002 and within ArcView) named GEM Nearshore Metadata Set, and 3) a ProCite database named GEM Nearshore Metadata References, which consists of references included in 1 and 2 above. The ProCite database record number corresponds to the Excel Procite Number. Reference Procite #581 for this literature's metadata. The metadata are maintained in digital format (ArcView 3.3, Excel 2002, and Procite) and are available from the Alaska Science Center, USGS in Anchorage, Alaska. For a detailed description of the three databases and the project, see "Bodkin, J. L., and T. Dean. 2003. Alternative Sampling Designs for Nearshore Monitoring (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Project G-030687), US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska." available on-line at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/GEM_final_reports/030687.pdf.

This journal article references health measures data of fish species (Clupea pallasi) from Fairmount Island, Galena Bay, Naked Island, Rocky Bay, and Stockdale Harbor, Prince William Sound, Alaska. The aforementioned data are referenced in citation: Moles, A. D., S. D. Rice, and M. Okilhiroro. 1993. Herring parasite and tissue alterations following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, pp. 325-328. This literature was collected as part of a metadatabase that represents one or more nearshore resources (from physical attributes such as water and air, to birds and mammals). Each entry is viewable in three formats, 1) a geospatial explicit format (ArcView 3.3) named GIS ArcView 3.3 Near GEM project, 2) a spreadsheet format (Excel 2002 and within ArcView) named GEM Nearshore Metadata Set, and 3) a ProCite database named GEM Nearshore Metadata References, which consists of references included in 1 and 2 above. The ProCite database record number corresponds to the Excel Procite Number. Reference Procite #672 for this literature's metadata. The metadata are maintained in digital format (ArcView 3.3, Excel 2002, and Procite) and are available from the Alaska Science Center, USGS in Anchorage, Alaska. For a detailed description of the three databases and the project, see "Bodkin, J. L., and T. Dean. 2003. Alternative Sampling Designs for Nearshore Monitoring (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Project G-030687), US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska." available on-line at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/GEM_final_reports/030687.pdf.

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense program which is responsible for designing, building, launching and operating polar orbiting meteorological satellites. The satellites can broadcast visual, infrared and microwave imagery directly to transportable tactical sites around the world. The data is also stored for transmission to the Navy's Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) and to the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC). Each of the DMSP satellites flies in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit. For a satellite in sun synchronous orbit, the ascending equatorial crossing time remains relatively constant with respect to the local time throughout the lifetime of the satellite. The SSM/I is a seven channel, four frequency, linearly-polarized passive microwave radiometric system which measures atmospheric, ocean and terrain microwave brightness temperatures at 19.35, 22.235, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. SSM/I's output voltages are transmitted to the FNMOC in Monterey, California, where they are converted to sensor counts. FNMOC then converts the sensor counts into antenna temperatures (Temperature Data Records - TDR), brightness temperatures (Sensor Data Records - SDR) and derived geophysical parameters (Environmental Data Records -EDR). SSM/I TDRs are sent to NOAA-SAA for their on-line database. The SSM/I rotates continuously about an axis parallel to the local spacecraft vertical at 31.6 rpm and measures the upwelling scene brightness temperatures over an angular sector of 102.4 degrees about the subsatellite track. This results in a swath width of approximately 1400 km. The EDR data are derived from TDRs and SDRs, and measure various parameters over the ocean, ice and land surfaces. There are five oceanic parameters: surface wind speed, cloud water content, water vapor content, rainfall intensity and liquid water content. There are four ice parameters: ice concentration, ice age, ice edge and cloud water content over ice. There are eight land parameters: rain intensity, liquid water content, surface moisture, cloud water content, snow water content, surface character, surface temperature and cloud amount. Not all parameters are simultaneously possible.

This journal article references production of algal species (Fucus gardneri) from Herring Bay, Prince William Sound, Alaska. The aforementioned data are referenced in citation: van Tamelen, P. G., M. S. Stekoll, and L. Deysher. 1997. Recovery processes of the brown alga Fucus gardneri following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: settlement and recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 160: 265-277. This literature was collected as part of a metadatabase that represents one or more nearshore resources (from physical attributes such as water and air, to birds and mammals). Each entry is viewable in three formats, 1) a geospatial explicit format (ArcView 3.3) named GIS ArcView 3.3 Near GEM project, 2) a spreadsheet format (Excel 2002 and within ArcView) named GEM Nearshore Metadata Set, and 3) a ProCite database named GEM Nearshore Metadata References, which consists of references included in 1 and 2 above. The ProCite database record number corresponds to the Excel Procite Number. Reference Procite #1025 for this literature's metadata. The metadata are maintained in digital format (ArcView 3.3, Excel 2002, and Procite) and are available from the Alaska Science Center, USGS in Anchorage, Alaska. For a detailed description of the three databases and the project, see "Bodkin, J. L., and T. Dean. 2003. Alternative Sampling Designs for Nearshore Monitoring (Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Project G-030687), US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska." available on-line at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/GEM_final_reports/030687.pdf.